Everything about Swaraj totally explained
» This article refers to the concept of Swaraj as propagated by Gandhi. See self governance for general usage of the term Swaraj.
Swaraj can mean generally
self-governance or "home-rule" (
swa- "self", "rule") but the word usually refers to
Mahatma Gandhi's concept for
Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance not by a hierarchical government, but self governance through individuals and
community building. The focus is on political
decentralization. Since this is against the political and social systems followed by
Britain, Gandhi's concept of Swaraj laid stress on India discarding British political, economic, bureaucratic, legal, military, and educational institutions.
Key concepts
Individualist Anarchism. It warrants a stateless society as according to Gandhi the overall impact of the state on the people is harmful. He called the state a "soulless machine" which, ultimately, does the greatest harm to mankind. Adopting Swaraj means implementing a system whereby state machinery is virtually nil, and the real power directly resides in the hands of people. Gandhi said, "Power resides in the people, they can use it at any time." This philosophy rests inside an individual who has to learn to be master of his own
self and spreads upwards to the level of his community which must be dependent only on itself. Gandhi said, "In such a state (where swaraj is achieved) everyone is his own ruler. He rules himself in such a manner that he's never a hindrance to his neighbour"; and also "It is Swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves."
Gandhi explained his vision in 1946:
"Independence begins at the bottom... A society must be build in which every village has to be self sustained and capable of managing its own affairs... It will be trained and prepared to perish in the attempt to defend itself against any onslaught from without... This doesn't exclude dependence on and willing help from neighbours or from the world. It will be a free and voluntary play of mutual forces... In this structure composed of innumerable villages, there will be ever widening, never ascending circles. Life won't be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it'll be an oceanic circle whose center will be the individual. Therefore the outermost circumference won't wield power to crush the inner circle but will give strength to all within and derive its own strength from it." |
Thus, basically a nation is said to have achieved its Swaraj, when its people govern themselves directly, are entirely self sufficient not only as a whole but as individuals as well, and have an innate sense of nationhood that's identified by themselves and not their government.
Gandhi was undaunted by the task of implementing such a
utopian vision in India. He believed that by transforming enough individuals and communities society at large would change. He said, "It may be taunted with the retort that this is all Utopian and, therefore not worth a single thought... Let India live for the true picture, though never realizable in its completeness. We must have a proper picture of what we want before we can have something approaching it."
Efforts for implementation
In 1917, Gandhi asked Indians nationwide to sign a petition demanding Swaraj. This petition was supported by, among others,
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar,
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and
Ram Manohar Lohia. Critics include
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (who said that only a constitutional struggle could lead to independence; see
Proposed Indian Round Table Conference 1922) and
Rabindranath Tagore.
In 1919, the
Navajivan Trust, a publishing house, was founded by Gandhi to educate through publications common Indians about the principles of Swaraj, in their native tongue. The trust is still in existence today and according to its initial promises is totally self reliant having accepted absolutely no donation or grant throughout its existence.
Gandhi also decided to popularise the
spinning wheel in India around the same time to make hand-spun cloth out of
Khadi. This was part of an economically inclined plan to make Indians work towards self sufficiency, a key component of Swaraj. Gandhi believed that anything that would help India get out of its grinding poverty would in the end help in attaining Swaraj. This movement called
The Khadi Movement later gained fame by the term
Swadeshi. The spinning wheel or the
Charkha became a symbol of the Indian freedom struggle, and was incorporated into many
flags.
At the
Indian National Congress annual session in September 1920, delegates supported Swaraj, and in the same year they agreed with
Khilafat leaders to work and fight together for both causes. This can be regarded as the official launching of the Swaraj movement by the Congress. However, over the years, political ideas gained momentum in the Congress and in 1927,
Jawaharlal Nehru introduced a resolution demanding "complete national independence" called
Purna Swaraj which was a more politically inclined goal. The
Payyannur Conference in May 1928 passed a resolution requesting the Indian National Congress to adopt “Complete Independence” instead of Swaraj as its goal. Another political group the
Swaraj Party which also was against the British merged with the Congress soon after.
After Gandhi
It is generally believed that Gandhi's model of Swaraj hasn't been followed by the
Indian government. He had wanted a system of a classless, stateless
direct democracy. For achieving this he wanted to disband the Congress Party after independence. He said, "Its task is done. The next task is to move into villages and revitalize life there to build a new socio-economic structure from the bottom upwards." However none of these objectives were achieved when India became independent. India, although a federation, got a strong central government.
Representative democracy, rather than direct democracy was adopted. The Congress Party wasn't disbanded. Rather it went on to become one of the frontrunners in running the government of India.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Swaraj'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://swaraj.totallyexplained.com">Swaraj Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
